Packer Gold Images
Packer is a tool from HashiCorp that creates machine images. Building custom machine images is extremely helpful in many both for general infrastructure and devops tasks but also for red team shenanigans.
Note
I like to think of packer as a tool that allows for declarative VM builds much like Dockerfiles allows for declarative container builds.
I like to think of packer as a tool that allows for declarative VM builds much like Dockerfiles allows for declarative container builds.
Not only is this useful to understand Packer for rolling secure and consistent infrastructure, it’s also helpful to know how Packer works so that if you find a service account that builds gold images on your next red team assessment, you know how to exploit it to gain control over all downstream VMs.
Packer Setup
Setting up packer on a trusted machine to push images to GCP. This should be a highly trusted environment. Anyone with access to this machine can compromise the entire downstream environment.
Install packer
# Tested on Ubuntu 24.04
# Install curl because ubuntu doesn't have it by default for some reason :)
sudo apt install curl -y
# Add the HashiCorp GPG Key
curl -fsSL https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo apt-key add -
# Add the HashiCorp Linux repo
sudo apt-add-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main"
# Update apt local package index to inform it of the new repo to pull from, then install packer -- check version
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install packer -y ; packer version
# Install the packer GCP plugin
packer plugins install github.com/hashicorp/googlecomputeInstall gcloud
# Ran on Ubuntu 24.04
# Install prereqs
sudo apt-get update ; sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates gnupg curl -y
# Install GCP signing key and set it up on the system
curl https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/cloud.google.gpg
# Add the gcloud repo
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/cloud.google.gpg] https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt cloud-sdk main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-cloud-sdk.list
# Update local apt package index and install gcloud
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install google-cloud-cli -yCreate and Configure GCP Service Account
There are two ways we can create the service account and download the key needed for it.
Option 1: Cloud Console GUI
Option 1 is to use the Cloud Console and click your way through this
- If you have not created/selected a project, do so now
- Navigate to the GCP Console > IAM & Admin > Service Accounts
- Create a new service account and name is something like
packer-builder - Assign the following roles:
compute.instanceAdmin.v1artifactregistry.writeriam.serviceAccountUser
- Create and download a JSON key file for this service account
Note
This key should be kept secure, anyone with access to it will have the same privileges we defined above which is extremely dangerous.
This key should be kept secure, anyone with access to it will have the same privileges we defined above which is extremely dangerous.
Option 2: gcloud CLI
Option 2 is to use the gcloud command
# -1. Login
gcloud auth login
# 0. Set your project (if not already done)
# Find the project you'd like your gold image to live in
gcloud projects list
gcloud config set project <your_project>
# Set $PROJECT to the desired project
PROJECT=$(gcloud config get-value project) && echo "Project set to: $PROJECT"# 1. Create a new service account called packer-builder
gcloud iam service-accounts create packer-builder \
--display-name="Packer Builder Service Account" \
--description="Service account for Packer to build VM images"
# 2. Assign the required roles to the service account
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $PROJECT \
--member="serviceAccount:packer-builder@$PROJECT.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
--role="roles/compute.instanceAdmin.v1"
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $PROJECT \
--member="serviceAccount:packer-builder@$PROJECT.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
--role="roles/artifactregistry.writer"
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $PROJECT \
--member="serviceAccount:packer-builder@$PROJECT.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
--role="roles/iam.serviceAccountUser"
# 3. Create and download a JSON key file
gcloud iam service-accounts keys create packer-key.json \
--iam-account=packer-builder@$PROJECT.iam.gserviceaccount.com
Enable the APIs
- Login to gcloud with
gcloud auth login - Set your project
- See projects:
gcloud projects list - Set the active project:
gcloud set project $your_project_name_here
- See projects:
- Enable the necessary APIs
gcloud services enable compute.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable cloudbuild.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable artifactregistry.googleapis.comOptionally you can check if these APIs are enabled using gcloud. If the three APIs appear that means they’re enabled.
gcloud services list --enabled --filter="name:compute.googleapis.com OR name:cloudbuild.googleapis.com OR name:artifactregistry.googleapis.com"NAME TITLE
artifactregistry.googleapis.com Artifact Registry API
cloudbuild.googleapis.com Cloud Build API
compute.googleapis.com Compute Engine APIPacker with GCP
We first need to set the $PROJECT environment variable
to our current google cloud project and create the file we’re going to
copy into the gold image.
# If not already set
PROJECT=$(gcloud config get-value project)
echo "Hello from packer!" > PoC.txtNext, create the build file. This is the file that will configure all of the settings defined in the gold image. There are many other useful things that can be done but we will keep it simple.
cat > packer-ubuntu.json << EOF
{
"builders": [
{
"type": "googlecompute",
"credentials_file": "$HOME/packer-key.json",
"project_id": "$PROJECT",
"zone": "us-central1-a",
"source_image": "ubuntu-2404-noble-amd64-v20241219",
"image_name": "ubuntu-gold-{{timestamp}}",
"machine_type": "n1-standard-1",
"disk_size": 10,
"communicator": "ssh",
"ssh_username": "packer"
}
],
"provisioners": [
{
"type": "file",
"source": "PoC.txt",
"destination": "/tmp/PoC.txt"
},
{
"type": "shell",
"inline": "sudo mv /tmp/PoC.txt /"
}
]
}
EOF
Note
Make sure the
Make sure the
credentials_file and project_id are set correctly
Finally validate the configuration with
packer validate packer-ubuntu.json. If there are no errors
in the packer build file, the gold image can be created with
packer build packer-ubuntu.json
packer build packer-ubuntu.jsongooglecompute: output will be in this color.
==> googlecompute: Checking image does not exist...
==> googlecompute: Creating temporary RSA SSH key for instance...
==> googlecompute: no persistent disk to create
==> googlecompute: Using image: ubuntu-2404-noble-amd64-v20241219
==> googlecompute: Creating instance...
googlecompute: Loading zone: us-central1-a
googlecompute: Loading machine type: n1-standard-1
googlecompute: Requesting instance creation...
googlecompute: Waiting for creation operation to complete...
googlecompute: Instance has been created!
==> googlecompute: Waiting for the instance to become running...
googlecompute: IP: 104.197.200.155
==> googlecompute: Using SSH communicator to connect: 104.197.200.155
==> googlecompute: Waiting for SSH to become available...
==> googlecompute: Connected to SSH!
==> googlecompute: Uploading PoC.txt => /tmp/PoC.txt
googlecompute: PoC.txt 19 B / 19 B [================================================================================================================] 100.00% 1s
==> googlecompute: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell1146431697
==> googlecompute: Deleting instance...
googlecompute: Instance has been deleted!
==> googlecompute: Creating image...
==> googlecompute: Deleting disk...
googlecompute: Disk has been deleted!
Build 'googlecompute' finished after 2 minutes 23 seconds.
==> Wait completed after 2 minutes 23 seconds
==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> googlecompute: A disk image was created in the 'packer-447121' project: ubuntu-gold-1746042804gcloud compute images list --filter="name~'gold'" --project=$PROJECTNAME PROJECT FAMILY DEPRECATED STATUS
ubuntu-gold-1746042804 packer-447121 READY# Set image name
IMAGE=$(gcloud compute images list --filter="name~'gold'" --project=$PROJECT | tail -n1 | awk '{print $1}')# Create VM using custom image
gcloud compute instances create packer-vm \
--project=$PROJECT \
--zone=us-central1-a \
--machine-type=e2-micro \
--image=$IMAGE \
--image-project=$PROJECT \
--boot-disk-size=10GB \
--boot-disk-type=pd-standard \
--no-boot-disk-auto-delete \
--preemptibleThen connect to the VM via SSH. You may have to wait a minute or so for the VM to boot up.
gcloud compute ssh packer-vm \
--project=$PROJECT \
--zone=us-central1-a \
--tunnel-through-iapFinally, the PoC.txt can be verified as existing in our gold image. Now any image built with this will contain our files.
ubuntu@packer-vm:~$ hostname ; cat /PoC.txtpacker-vm.us-central1-a.c.packer-447121.internal
Hello from packer!References
- https://cloud.google.com/build/docs/building/build-vm-images-with-packer
- https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer
- https://github.com/hashicorp/packer
- https://deepwiki.com/hashicorp/packer
Extra
- You can list all images by running
gcloud compute images listNAME PROJECT FAMILY DEPRECATED STATUS
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